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2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a London Sewerage System? Wrong! If the London Sewerage System is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about London Sewerage System then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
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6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your London Sewerage System wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your London Sewerage System then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the London Sewerage System site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about London Sewerage System, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your London Sewerage System, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
The
London sewerage system is part of the water infrastructure serving
London. The modern roots of the system were first developed during the late 19th century, but as London has grown the system has been expanded and needs further investment.
History
In the early 19th century the River Thames was practically an open sewer, with disastrous consequences for public health in
London, including numerous
cholera epidemics. Proposals to modernise the sewerage system had been put forward in
1856, but were shelved due to lack of funds. However, after
The Great Stink of 1858, Parliament of the United Kingdom realised the urgency of the problem and resolved to create a modern sewerage system.
Joseph Bazalgette, a civil engineer and Chief Engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Works, was given responsibility for the work. He designed an extensive underground sewerage system that diverted waste to the
Thames Estuary, downstream of the main centre of population. Six main interceptory sewers, totalling almost 100 miles (160 km) in length, were constructed, some incorporating stretches of London's
subterranean rivers of London. Three of these sewers were north of the river, the southernmost, low-level one being incorporated in the Thames Embankment. The Embankment also allowed new roads to reduce traffic congestion, new public gardens, and the
Circle Line of the
London Underground.
The intercepting sewers, constructed between
1859 and
1865, were fed by 450 miles (720 km) of main sewers that, in turn, conveyed the contents of some 13,000 miles (21,000 km) of smaller local sewers. Construction of the interceptor system required 318 million bricks, 880,000 cubic yards (670,000 m³) of concrete and mortar (masonry), and excavation of over 3.5 million tonnes of earth.
Gravity allows the sewage to flow eastwards, but in places such as Chelsea, London,
Deptford and Abbey Mills Pumping Station, pumping stations were built to raise the water and provide sufficient flow. Sewers north of the Thames feed into the Northern Outfall Sewer, which feeds into a major treatment works at
Beckton. South of the river, the
Southern Outfall Sewer extends to a similar facility at Crossness.
In the 20th century, major improvements were made to the sewerage system to reduce pollution of the Thames Estuary and the
North Sea.
Modern development needs
Victorian pipes now comprise less than 1% of the total sewerage network in London.
The original system was designed to cope with up to 6.5 mm (1/4”) of rainfall within the catchment area, and supported a smaller population than today’s. London's growth has therefore put pressure on the capacity of the sewerage system. During storms, for example, high levels of rainfall (in excess of 6 mm) in a short period of time can overwhelm the system. Sewers and treatment works are unable to cope with the large volumes of rainwater entering the system. Rainwater mixes with sewage in combined sewers and excess mixed water is discharged into the Thames. If this does not happen quickly enough, localised flooding occurs (surcharge). Such
sanitary sewer overflow can mean streets becoming flooded with a mixture of water and sewage, causing a health risk.
Increasing the carrying capacity of London’s sewerage system has been debated for some years. Proposals for the 'Thames Tideway Scheme' include a wide diameter storage-and-transfer tunnel (internal diameters of 7.2 m and 9 m have been suggested), 22 miles (35 km) long, underneath the riverbed of the Thames between Hammersmith in the west and Beckton/Crossness in the east,http://www.thamestidewaystrategicstudy.co.uk/pdfs/TTSS_Executive_Summary.pdfhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/waste/story/0,12188,1189356,00.html but as the cost of such a
megaproject is likely to be substantial (estimated at £1.7 billion in 2004), investment decisions have been slow to be forthcoming. As of March 2007 it has been announced by the
Mayor of London that the project will proceed with completion expected by 2020. London's new sewer - Metro newspaper, March 22, 2007
Because design and construction of such a tunnel will take an estimated 15 years, a shorter-term (and slightly lower cost) interim solution has also been developed. This £1.6 billion scheme (2006 prices) involves two shorter tunnels (one taking storm water from Hammersmith to
Battersea for treatment or storage, the other carrying water from Abbey Mills south to the river at Beckton) and improvements to associated treatment facilities.http://www.nceplus.co.uk/news/news_article/?aid=55894&sid=47
Trivia
- The system plays a large part in English writer Neil Gaiman's 1996 novel Neverwhere.
- It also featured as one of the Seven Wonders of the Industrial World in the BBC television series of the same name.
- Eleanor Updale's Montmorency (Beginning with Montmorency: Liar Thief Gentleman?) novels are set against the backdrop of the London sewer construction.
References
Trench, R. and Hillman, E. (1984)
London Under London: A Subterranean Guide (London: John Murray).
External links
- Tales of the underworld from The Guardian Wednesday March 30, 2005
- Sub-urban - Sewer Exploration
The
London sewerage system is part of the
water infrastructure serving London. The modern roots of the system were first developed during the late 19th century, but as London has grown the system has been expanded and needs further investment.
History
In the early 19th century the River Thames was practically an open sewer, with disastrous consequences for public health in
London, including numerous
cholera epidemics. Proposals to modernise the sewerage system had been put forward in 1856, but were shelved due to lack of funds. However, after
The Great Stink of
1858, Parliament of the United Kingdom realised the urgency of the problem and resolved to create a modern sewerage system.
Joseph Bazalgette, a civil engineer and Chief Engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Works, was given responsibility for the work. He designed an extensive underground sewerage system that diverted waste to the
Thames Estuary, downstream of the main centre of population. Six main interceptory sewers, totalling almost 100 miles (160 km) in length, were constructed, some incorporating stretches of London's subterranean rivers of London. Three of these sewers were north of the river, the southernmost, low-level one being incorporated in the
Thames Embankment. The Embankment also allowed new roads to reduce traffic congestion, new public gardens, and the Circle Line of the
London Underground.
The intercepting sewers, constructed between 1859 and 1865, were fed by 450 miles (720 km) of main sewers that, in turn, conveyed the contents of some 13,000 miles (21,000 km) of smaller local sewers. Construction of the interceptor system required 318 million bricks, 880,000 cubic yards (670,000 m³) of
concrete and
mortar (masonry), and excavation of over 3.5 million tonnes of earth.
Gravity allows the sewage to flow eastwards, but in places such as Chelsea, London, Deptford and Abbey Mills Pumping Station, pumping stations were built to raise the water and provide sufficient flow. Sewers north of the Thames feed into the
Northern Outfall Sewer, which feeds into a major treatment works at Beckton. South of the river, the
Southern Outfall Sewer extends to a similar facility at
Crossness.
In the
20th century, major improvements were made to the sewerage system to reduce pollution of the Thames Estuary and the
North Sea.
Modern development needs
Victorian pipes now comprise less than 1% of the total sewerage network in London.
The original system was designed to cope with up to 6.5 mm (1/4”) of rainfall within the catchment area, and supported a smaller population than today’s. London's growth has therefore put pressure on the capacity of the sewerage system. During storms, for example, high levels of rainfall (in excess of 6 mm) in a short period of time can overwhelm the system. Sewers and treatment works are unable to cope with the large volumes of rainwater entering the system. Rainwater mixes with sewage in combined sewers and excess mixed water is discharged into the Thames. If this does not happen quickly enough, localised flooding occurs (surcharge). Such
sanitary sewer overflow can mean streets becoming flooded with a mixture of water and sewage, causing a health risk.
Increasing the carrying capacity of London’s sewerage system has been debated for some years. Proposals for the '
Thames Tideway Scheme' include a wide diameter storage-and-transfer tunnel (internal diameters of 7.2 m and 9 m have been suggested), 22 miles (35 km) long, underneath the riverbed of the Thames between Hammersmith in the west and Beckton/
Crossness in the east,http://www.thamestidewaystrategicstudy.co.uk/pdfs/TTSS_Executive_Summary.pdfhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/waste/story/0,12188,1189356,00.html but as the cost of such a
megaproject is likely to be substantial (estimated at £1.7 billion in 2004), investment decisions have been slow to be forthcoming. As of March 2007 it has been announced by the
Mayor of London that the project will proceed with completion expected by 2020. London's new sewer - Metro newspaper, March 22, 2007
Because design and construction of such a tunnel will take an estimated 15 years, a shorter-term (and slightly lower cost) interim solution has also been developed. This £1.6 billion scheme (2006 prices) involves two shorter tunnels (one taking storm water from Hammersmith to
Battersea for treatment or storage, the other carrying water from Abbey Mills south to the river at Beckton) and improvements to associated treatment facilities.http://www.nceplus.co.uk/news/news_article/?aid=55894&sid=47
Trivia
- The system plays a large part in English writer Neil Gaiman's 1996 novel Neverwhere.
- It also featured as one of the Seven Wonders of the Industrial World in the BBC television series of the same name.
- Eleanor Updale's Montmorency (Beginning with Montmorency: Liar Thief Gentleman?) novels are set against the backdrop of the London sewer construction.
References
Trench, R. and Hillman, E. (1984)
London Under London: A Subterranean Guide (London: John Murray).
External links
London sewerage system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The London sewerage system is part of the water infrastructure serving London. The modern roots of the system were first developed during the late 19th century, but as London has ...
Sewage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The system of sewers is called sewerage or sewerage system (see London sewerage system) in UK English and sewage system in US English. Where a main sewerage system has not been ...
Greater London Authority - Press Release
London's sewerage system was designed in the mid nineteenth century and was a world leading system in its day. It was designed to overflow into the river rather than into London's ...
The environmental importance of London's front gardens
The more paved surfaces there are, the less rainfall is soaked into the ground and the more London's dilapidated sewerage system struggles to cope. In the first comprehensive London ...
Bazalgette and London's sewage - Leisure, health and housing - Port ...
Illustrated article describing the background to the construction of the London sewer system.
Bazalgette and London's sewage - Leisure, health and housing - Port ...
How London disposes of its sewage ... Bazalgette's system: Joseph Bazalgette. Once the enabling act was passed, the Metropolitan Board of Works could begin the task under the ...
Rowers Against Thames Sewage
London's Victorian built sewage system, now much overloaded, combines rainwater drainage with sewage and so it is prone to overflowing in periods of ...
BBC NEWS | England | London | Storms force sewage into Thames
The drainage system pushes diluted sewage into the Thames ... River Thames has been flooded with more than a million tonnes of sewage in London in ...
BBC NEWS | England | London | Wading through London's sewage
About 318m bricks were used more than 100 years ago to create a network of underground tunnels to transfer London's sewage across the city. But now the combined system, which ...
Justine Greening MP - for Putney, Roehampton and Southfields - In ...
Justine Greening MP for Putney, Roehampton and Southfields - In Parliament - Environment Food and Rural Affairs: Sewage System (London)
